Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 11; November 2025

This research investigates the mechanisms and impacts of digital inclusive finance on the urban - rural income gap in Hunan Province. Based on a three - dimensional index system encompassing the breadth of coverage, the depth of usage, and the degree of digitization, and utilizing time - series data from 1990 to 2023, the analysis applies a VAR model, cointegration tests, and Granger's causality tests. The empirical findings indicate that digital inclusive finance significantly narrows the urban - rural income gap, with an effect magnitude (coefficient of - 0.321) stronger than that of traditional inclusive finance, and that a long - term equilibrium relationship exists between the two. Among the dimensions, the breadth of coverage plays the most decisive role (coefficient of - 0.215), whereas the degree of digitization has a relatively weaker influence. Regional heterogeneity is also evident: the effect is most pronounced in the Changsha - Zhuzhou - Xiangtan urban agglomeration (coefficient of - 0.412) and least significant in Western Hunan (coefficient of - 0.195). Moreover, both digital infrastructure and educational attainment positively moderate the poverty reduction effect. In light of these results, the paper suggests accelerating the deployment of rural 5G, developing financial products tailored to regional circumstances, and enhancing farmers' digital literacy to promote more balanced urban - rural development.

The multi-dimensional nonlinear inverse problems (MNIPs) are important problems in computational science and engineering, which involve high computation cost and stability problems. This paper suggests a computation framework to increase the efficiency and stability of the solutions to MNIPs. The framework includes high-performance numerical optimization, regularization techniques, and adaptive computation techniques, which lead to more accurate solutions at less computation time. The computation framework is based on several techniques, including likelihood-informed model reduction for reduced effective dimension, an adaptive regularization algorithm, which is regularized based upon residuals of the solution, and hybrid global-local optimization, which only uses inexpensive surrogates in the early optimization iterations. Experimental studies on benchmark MNIP problems show an increased accuracy in the solutions and computational efficiency relative to previous methods, such as the standard Levenberg-Marquardt. In the present framework, solutions were 47% better in mean squared error (MSE), and total computation time was reduced by 45% by requiring 46% fewer iterations for convergence. This combined approach leads to a computation framework for MNIPs that is robust and operationally efficient, giving improved scalability for high-dimensional or real-time applications.

This article re-examines the life and legacy of Tippu Tip (1832–1905) through three interrelated but underexplored dimensions: memory, cultural mediation, and environmental history. Drawing on oral traditions from the Swahili coast and the Congo Basin alongside European records, the study interrogates how Tippu Tip has been remembered across different cultural landscapes. It argues that Tippu Tip functioned not only as a commercial actor but also as a cultural mediator, diffusing Swahili-Islamic practices, reshaping identities, and bridging African, Arab, and European spheres of influence. Furthermore, the article highlights the ecological transformations precipitated by his ivory trade and large caravan networks, revealing the environmental consequences of precolonial globalization. By combining historiography, cultural analysis, and environmental perspectives, the study reframes Tippu Tip as a complex figure whose legacy exceeds the simplistic colonial portrayals of slave trading.

Illegal artisanal gold mining has been around for decades and is practiced by millions of people around the world. In Côte d'Ivoire, it is carried out by poor populations. Gold panning appears to be an effective means of combating poverty and unemployment in Koudougou. The overall objective of this work is to highlight a plan for restoring the site after exploitation by conducting a diagnosis and an assessment of the effects of mining activities with a view to proposing rehabilitation methods. The methodology is based on a field survey approach combining sampling and direct field observation. The results obtained indicate that illegal gold mining activity involves several actors including public administration executives. Although generating income, it negatively affects the health of populations and the bio-physical environments of the environment. There is a need to restore mining sites during or at the end of exploitation. As part of this study, the restoration is carried out at the end of exploitation by the Non-Governmental Organization "Agir pour l’Environnement des industries Extractives" (Acting for the Environment of Extractive Industries) which applied two types of rehabilitation including agriculture and the creation of fish ponds.

The biodegradation of materials that pollute the environment is a topic of research worldwide. Various methods for degrading commonly used polymeric materials such as polystyrene have been documented; however, these methods are often costly or have an unfavorable environmental impact. Polystyrene and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of utensils and food and beverage packaging. Studies have been reported showing the toxic properties of these substances. Biodegradation using microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi has yielded significant results. This paper shows some data related to the ability of the nitrogen-fixing bacterium G. diazotrophicus to biodegrade polystyrene.

Skin rejuvenation is a common procedure in current clinical practice. Various technologies are employed for these therapeutic purposes, with some types of lasers being beneficial due to their safety and low risk of complications. The 1320 nm wavelength is strongly absorbed by water molecules, which produce considerable heating in the skin, contributing to skin rejuvenation. Furthermore, activated charcoal masks can be combined to enhance the desired results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the black peel procedure on skin rejuvenation, which uses an activated charcoal mask capable of absorbing energy and triggering potential tissue changes. A patient was selected who presented tissue characteristics with the presence of fine and deep wrinkles, enlarged pores, and acne scars. For the evaluation, a comparison of photographs taken before and immediately after the procedure was used, and a 3D camera was used to assess wrinkles and enlarged pores. The results demonstrated that the technique improved skin appearance, particularly in terms of wrinkle reduction and a significant reduction in pore size, with just one application. No adverse events were recorded, and the patient reported comfort and satisfaction with the protocol employed. In conclusion, the non-ablative high-power laser technology, using a wavelength of 1320 nm and the black peel protocol, is safe and provides effective results with just one application.

Forebrain (prosencephalon), comprising of telencephalon and diencephalon is the anterior part of the brain followed by midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). Telencephalon, the most anterior part involves olfactory bulbs (responsible for sense of smell), olfactory tract, and telencephalic hemispheres (cerebrum) while diencephalon, located between telencephalon and the midbrain involves habenula and hypothalamaus. In this study the telencephalic and diencephalic regions are histologically analyzed in two teleosts, C.auratus and B. striata. In C.auratus, the lateral zone of the area dorsalis, Dl region is highly developed and is the primary visual area. In B.striata, Dm region is highly developed and is involved in the sense of gustation in feeding. The diencephalic region consists of feeding centers like hypothalamus and habenula. Symmetrical habenula is a special feature of surface dwelling visual feeders like Carassius auratus and asymmetrical one isthe feature of bottom dwelling non visual feeders like Botia striata.Hypothalamus, involved in hunger and satiety functions as the main feeding centre of vertebrates by the production ofvarious types of peptide factors responsible for either initiating or ceasing food consumption.

The present work was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the influence of mineral fertilizers and local varieties on the yield and economic profitability of common bean in order to identify cultivars of the species presenting interesting agronomic potential for fixation and the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen. An experimentation was conducted in Ouèdèmè in the commune of Glazoué (Benin), with tretments including15bean varieties and fertilisation (NPK 14-18-18 and Urea 46% N), applied in a split-plot arrangement. Results showed that production of dry bean seeds depended on the variety and fertiliser used. Variety MSCn3 gave a yield of 2264.925 kg. ha-1with fertilisationused. The unfertilised: 1170.32 Kg. ha-1 versus fertilised plots: 1573.94 Kg.ha-1, a gain of 44%). (unfertilised: 1170.32 Kg .ha-1 versus fertilised plots: 1573.94 kgha-1, a gain of 44%). The analysis of the RVC indicated, however, that the application of fertilisers to common beans was generally less profitable, apart from the local varieties HZZZn3 and GOLn6, whose RVCs were, respectively above 2. At the end of this study, the local cultivars LSCn3, SDCn5 and AOGn1 which gave a small increase in yield in kgha-1 are those which showed a strong increase in leaf biomass. Therefore, subject to further studies, they could be recommended as cultivars predisposed to good fixation and conversion of mineral nitrogen to ammonia.

This meta-analysis compares Desarda and Lichtenstein repair techniques in adult patients with primary inguinal hernia using data from randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies. Studies enrolling participants over 18 years and directly reporting postoperative outcomes for both techniques were included. The pooled analysis focuses on early and late complications such as seroma, surgical site infection, scrotal edema, hematoma, chronic groin pain, hospital stay, and recurrence, as summarized in the outcome table. The findings demonstrate that Desarda and Lichtenstein repairs have comparable recurrence and major complication rates, while Desarda repair shows similar or slightly improved postoperative comfort and cost-effectiveness, supporting its use as a viable non-mesh alternative, especially in low-resource settings.

La conservation du maïs demeure un enjeu majeur en Guinée, où les pertes post récolte dues à Sitophiluszeamais peuvent dépasser 40 %, compromettant la sécurité alimentaire et la qualité des semences. Les insecticides de synthèse, bien qu’efficaces, posent des risques sanitaires et environnementaux, d’où l’intérêt croissant pour les biopesticides d’origine végétale comme le neem (Azadirachta indica). Cette étude conduite à Faranah avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’extraits de différentes parties du neem a été évaluée dans la protection des grains de maïs. Cinq traitements ont été comparés : un témoin positif (Sarsa-super, T0), les poudres de graines (T1), péricarpe des fruits (T2), feuilles (T3) et écorces (T4), appliquées sur 4 kg de maïs infesté artificiellement par 20 adultes de Sitophilus zeamais. Les observations ont porté sur la pureté, le taux d’infestation, la perte de poids, la mortalité des insectes et le pouvoir germinatif des graines. Les résultats montrent que les extraits de graines (T1) et de péricarpes (T2) ont significativement réduit les infestations (39 %) et les pertes de poids (0,1 %), tout en maintenant une pureté élevée (87 %) et un pouvoir germinatif comparable au témoin (89 %). Les extraits d’écorces (T4) ont été moins performants, probablement en raison d’une faible teneur en métabolites bioactifs. En conclusion, les extraits de neem, notamment ceux issus des grains (T1 et T2), représentent une alternative écologique, économique et durable aux insecticides chimiques pour la gestion post récolte du maïs, contribuant à la réduction des pertes et à la préservation de la qualité semencière.

Background: Recent research highlights the neuroinflammatory basis of Schizophrenia with an intrigue into biomarkers for schizophrenia. The involvement of immunological dysfunction in schizophrenic patients with a blunted type 1 (i.e., IL-2, gamma interferon, IL-12 and TNF-β) and an increased type 2 cytokine pattern (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13) has been seen. Aim: To assess the baseline immunological parameters in drug naïve patients of schizophrenia, compare the levels of interleukins-2,6 and 8 in patients on clozapine and risperidone at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and study their correlation with clinical response. Material and methods: It was a prospective, randomized, and comparative study. Patients with ICD 11 diagnosis of Schizophrenia were randomized to receive either clozapine or risperidone after baseline assessment of socio- demographic and clinical parameters, baseline blood investigations, immunoglobulins and estimation of interleukin (IL-2, 6 and 8) levels. Levels of interleukins were reassessed at 6 weeks and 12 weeks along with application of PANSS and Glasgow antipsychotic side effect check list. Results: 54 of 65 patients completed the study; 30 patients in clozapine group and 24 in risperidone group. A significant rise was seen in IL-2 levels over 12 weeks. There was decrease in IL-6 levels which correlated with the decrease in positive symptoms at week 12. IL-8 had a negative correlation with the general psychopathology score at week 6 which continued till week 12. Risperidone did not have a significant alteration in the interleukin levels over the 12 weeks. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the elevated cytokine levels (IL-6) at baseline in both clozapine and risperidone groups validate the inflammatory basis of schizophrenia and may be used as the state marker for schizophrenia.

The 2025 edition of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese has raised the recommended vitamin D intake from 5.5 micrograms to 9.0 micrograms. The reason for this is that more and more people are taking measured to protect themselves from the sun on a daily basis, and also to prevent osteoporosis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to develop a new food product (disaster food or space food) using wood ear mushrooms, which are known to be high in vitamin D. First, we began by analyzing how much vitamin D and calcium wood ear mushrooms contain, and we report on this. We requested the Japan Food Research Laboratories, Nagoya branch. To measure the vitamin D and calcium contents of commercially available Chinese wood ear mushrooms and wood ear mushrooms cultivated using commercially available Japanese mushroom beds. As a result, the vitamin D content of commercially available wood ear mushrooms was 83.5 µg/100g, and the calcium content was 108mg/100g. The vitamin D content of cultivated wood ear mushrooms was below the detection limit (0.7 µg/100g or less), and the calcium content was 49.5mg/100g. Vitamin D is not only required to be taken together with calcium to prevent osteoporosis, but is also an important nutrient because it regulates immune function, inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation, and suppresses inflammation. However, this analysis has revealed that the foods we eat, thinking we are getting vitamin D, may actually contain no vitamin D or only trace amounts. In the development of future disaster and space food, it is necessary to clarify the nutritional analysis values of the wood ear mushrooms to be used before processing them into food.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are enzymes involved in the oxidation of polyphenols into quinones under the action of molecular oxygen, causing certain vegetables to brown. They also participate in essential biological processes such as cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and plant defense systems. Faced with agricultural challenges, including the proliferation of pests, the harmful effects of chemical inputs on the production chain, and the short shelf life of eggplants, the search for sustainable solutions is intensifying. This study aims to evaluate the impact of combining castor meal and castor oil on improving the nutritional and enzymatic properties of eggplants. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design (4x4), with four treatments: a negative control, the application of cake (1.9 t/ha), castor oil (5 l/ha), and a combination of the two (0.95 t/ha + 2.5 l/ha). Analysis of the results reveals that the fiber content of the fruit reached 7.45% for the control, followed by 7.02% for castor oil, and 6.68% and 6.85% for oil alone and the meal-oil combination, respectively. In terms of protein, castor meal achieved 21.26%, compared to 17.55% for castor oil, while the meal-oil mixture and the negative control showed 13.30% and 0.18% respectively. In terms of enzyme activity, castor oil induced peroxidase of 15.18 IU, while the other treatments showed values of 11.95 IU (control), 10.96 IU (cake-oil) and 10.15 IU (cake alone). The polyphenol oxidase rate was slightly higher in the control (12.15 IU) and lower with the meal-castor oil combination (11.97 IU). The integration of meal and castor oil into eggplant cultivation is therefore an innovative approach to optimizing the nutritional value of the fruit while enhancing peroxidase activity and reducing polyphenol oxidase activity.

Peri-implant soft tissue management is a critical determinant of long-term dental implant success, influencing esthetics, biological stability, and patient comfort. While early implantology prioritized osseointegration, contemporary evidence emphasizes the importance of keratinized mucosa width, mucosal thickness, and soft tissue contour in preventing inflammation, marginal bone loss, and mucosal recession. Autogenous grafts such as free gingival grafts (FGG) and subepithelial connective tissue grafts (SCTG) remain the gold standard for soft tissue augmentation, whereas acellular dermal matrices, collagen scaffolds, and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) provide effective alternatives with reduced morbidity. Proper surgical technique, including meticulous flap design, vascular preservation, and biologically guided prosthetic planning, is essential for maintaining peri-implant tissue health. Digital technologies, minimally invasive approaches, and phenotype-based planning further enhance esthetic and functional outcomes. Integrating these strategies ensures predictable long-term stability, optimal esthetic results, and improved patient satisfaction, highlighting soft tissue management as a cornerstone of modern implant therapy.

This study examines how evolving monetary policy mechanisms and the proliferating use of digital payments have affected economic outcomes in India from 2020 to 2025. While the central bank’s traditional instruments repo rate, reverse repo rate, liquidity management—remain pivotal, digital innovation has emerged as a major catalyst for refining monetary policy transmission. By analysing GDP growth, lending rates, inflation behaviour, and payment system modernization, the paper uncovers links between policy stance and economic momentum. Panel regression and ARDL methodologies reveal that integration of digital payments leads to improved transmission efficiency, lower lending rates, and enhanced macroeconomic stability. The findings suggest that policy makers should leverage digital financial infrastructure for more responsive and inclusive monetary policy, ensuring resilience in the face of domestic shocks and global volatility.

Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) constituent un levier stratégique du développement territorial et touristique, en réunissant acteurs publics et privés autour de projets communs. Toutefois, la diversité des logiques institutionnelles et la répartition inégale de l’information entre partenaires peuvent engendrer des asymétries d’information, sources de malentendus, de tensions et de déséquilibres communicationnels. Ces fragilités internes risquent de compromettre la cohérence du discours collectif et, par conséquent, de fragiliser l’image de marque touristique du territoire. Cette recherche vise à évaluer dans quelle mesure la communication territoriale parvient à réguler ces déséquilibres informationnels et à favoriser la cohérence des messages diffusés par les acteurs publics et privés. En s’appuyant sur une approche qualitative menée auprès des principaux acteurs de la gouvernance touristique de la région Béni Mellal-Khénifra, elle cherche à comprendre comment la qualité du dialogue partenarial influence la construction et la crédibilité de l’image territoriale. Les résultats permettront d’identifier les nœuds critiques de la communication au sein des PPP et d’envisager des leviers pour renforcer la performance et l’attractivité territoriale.

Associé au pouvoir et à la violence, l’autorité est un concept qui mérite d’être examiné. Pour Arendt (1972, p. 123), elle ne relève ni de la contrainte ni de la persuasion ; elle repose sur une forme de reconnaissance qui s’inscrit dans une continuité historique. Les Temps Modernes sont marqués par un processus de désacralisation des sources traditionnelles de la relation de commandement à obéissance entraînant une crise de ses formes d’exercice. Cette contribution se situe dans le cadre théorique de la philosophie de l’éducation et se propose d’interroger les conditions d’une autorité légitime. Il sera question d’analyser les facteurs ayant conduit à son érosion dans les sociétés modernes pour mieux entrevoir des pistes de solutions. Cette étude en mobilisant la méthode analytique, vise à comprendre les dynamiques qui relient la crise de la prééminence à des phénomènes comme la montée des incivilités, la défiance des institutions. L’objectif est de réfléchir aux modalités de préservation des hiérarchies pour le bon fonctionnement et la cohésion de la collectivité.

The capital market plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth and development in a country. Its role in maintaining financial stability through trading in the primary and secondary markets earns it a prized position as one of the most effective ways of transforming a country’s economy, boosting investors’ confidence and preserving the integrity of the capital market. Fostering a safe and reliable market requires a sound regulatory and supervisory regime as well as a strong enforcement mechanism capable of maintaining effective dispute resolution. The inherent nature of the market necessitates the ability to effectively and efficiently resolve disputes as they arise, thereby enhancing the market’s effectiveness in fostering economic growth and development. The judiciary plays a key role in the adjudication of capital market disputes. The paper analyses the pertinent issues that arise in the adjudication of capital market disputes, including jurisdictional conflict between the Federal High Court and the Investments and Securities Tribunal, slow and cumbersome judicial processes due to insufficient expertise of judicial officers to decide on intricate capital market cases, and incessant interlocutory applications by litigants, amongst others. The paper asserts that strengthening the judiciary to create a strong and efficient dispute resolution body with clear, unambiguous jurisdictional boundaries, improved capacity-building knowledge, enhanced enforcement tools and the establishment of a sanction regime for unnecessary applications by litigants is essential for a resilient and effective Nigerian capital market.

This paper explores a comparative study of John Milton and Mirza Ghalib, two poetic giants who, despite belonging to distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, share a common spirit of rebellion and introspection. Through a close reading of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Deewan-e-Ghalib, this study investigates how both poets question divine authority, confront moral contradictions, and reinterpret religious dogma in light of human experience. While Milton’s Puritan worldview seeks to justify divine justice through reason and scripture, Ghalib’s Urdu poetry expresses an existential skepticism toward the same cosmic order. The analysis reveals how both poets transform theological discourse into a humanistic quest for freedom, positioning poetry as a dialogue between the finite and the infinite. The topic Comparative Literature in itself offers a broader range of research to a student who is willing to dig deep the intertextuality of literature. The comparisons more often lead to a new dimension of thought, explore hidden meaning and most importantly flourish the life in a text. As in the words of Julia Kristeva, “Any text is the absorption and transformation of another.” So, we can say literature is a process of dialogues and counter dialogue or a continuous reply of reply to the text. The stalwart of English literature of the Puritan age, John Milton (1608-1674), famously known for his masterpiece, ‘Paradise Lost’ and the Urdu literature poet Mirza Ghalib (1794-1869), both share the same kind of magnitude. When we study both the poets the grandeur, the diction, the style, the tone these poets have some magnificent impact on readers. In spite of having linguistic differences, cultural differences, religious differences their ideas are equivocally radical, phenomenal. It is not just an overnight conclusion but over the passing decades people looked upon their works and found it still majestic and stately. In the age of globalization when we study these writers closely we realize that humanity has just one race and that is humanity itself. We cannot make an analogy between the writers that how they appear same but on some context they almost react the same towards the society. In the case of John Milton when Europe was loaded with Puritan thoughts he dare to project the religious mythology in his own way, though we cannot fully understand the intention of the writer what he means by his text, the collective response was to him was a little different as William Blake argued that “he was of the Devil’s Party without knowing it. The radical views of John Milton is very much similar to Mirza Ghalib. Milton and Ghalib both belong to the same school of thought who ponder over the development of mankind. They both carry the responsibility of more a moral teacher. We can perceive the same pinch in Ghalib’s poetry, as he says, Humko Maloom hai Jannat ki Haqeeqat lekin Dil ke Khush Rakhne ko Ghalib yeh Khayal Achha hai… How Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib satirizes over the concept of heaven and even indirectly makes fun of it. The spirit of questioning over the Lordly sayings is as bitter as we find in Milton’s.

Work Stress is a challenge for banking industry as it can negatively affect job performance of employees. Work Stress may impair their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and handle complex tasks employees experience high levels of stress. This can lead to a decline in their productivity and job performance. When employees feel burned out, they may be more likely to take sick leave or seek employment elsewhere, impacting the continuity and stability of the workforce. High levels of work stress can contribute to increased absenteeism and higher turnover rates among employees. Banks rely heavily on providing quality customer service. The results of correlations and regression analysis revealed that there is negative correlations between work stress and job performance of the employees. Work stress is higher in private banks than in government banks. There was negative impact of work stress on job performance. If employees are stressed, they may become less patient, less empathetic, and less willing to go the extra mile to assist customers. This can have a negative impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to minimise the impact of work stress on the job performance of employees through proper training and development and maintaing the conducive working environment in public and private sector banks.

Digital platforms have emerged as powerful tools for governance. Mizoram, situated in the Northeastern region of India bordering Myanmar and Bangladesh comprise of strong oral traditions and community-based political practices, this transition marks a significant paradigm shift in how political discourse is constructed, framed and disseminated. This study explores the evolving nature of political communication through a focused content analysis of social media handles managed by the state government. The research investigates how state agencies, particularly the Information, Public Relations, Printing and Stationery Department and the Chief Minister’s official social media accounts, employ social media platforms to shape public opinion, promote policy narratives and engage citizens. Using qualitative content analysis approach, the study categorises based on tone, message type, visual symbolism and thematic framing across key governance areas such as development, identity politics, crisis response and cultural representation. Grounded in the theories of Habermas’s public sphere theory and platformisation theory, the study critically examines how digital communication alters traditional participatory structures. The shift from grassroots oral discourse to centralized, curated messaging that often blends bureaucratic efficiency with cultural symbolism tailored to resonate with Mizo identity. While this has improved accessibility and visibility of political content, the study also uncovers gaps particularly in inclusivity, digital literacy and the marginalization of rural voices in the digital public sphere. Citizen’s response patterns reflected to comments, shares and discourse tone on social media reveal evolving expectations around transparency, accountability and representation. The study recommends a culturally contextualized and inclusive digital strategy for political communication in Mizoram. By aligning technological advancement with local traditions, linguistic diversity and community norms with government agencies can be more effectively engage with the public to foster trust and strengthen democratic participation. The study contributes to the broader understanding of how regional governments in culturally complex societies can adapt digital tools for democratic renewal without compromising traditional values.