Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 11; November 2025

This research investigates the mechanisms and impacts of digital inclusive finance on the urban - rural income gap in Hunan Province. Based on a three - dimensional index system encompassing the breadth of coverage, the depth of usage, and the degree of digitization, and utilizing time - series data from 1990 to 2023, the analysis applies a VAR model, cointegration tests, and Granger's causality tests. The empirical findings indicate that digital inclusive finance significantly narrows the urban - rural income gap, with an effect magnitude (coefficient of - 0.321) stronger than that of traditional inclusive finance, and that a long - term equilibrium relationship exists between the two. Among the dimensions, the breadth of coverage plays the most decisive role (coefficient of - 0.215), whereas the degree of digitization has a relatively weaker influence. Regional heterogeneity is also evident: the effect is most pronounced in the Changsha - Zhuzhou - Xiangtan urban agglomeration (coefficient of - 0.412) and least significant in Western Hunan (coefficient of - 0.195). Moreover, both digital infrastructure and educational attainment positively moderate the poverty reduction effect. In light of these results, the paper suggests accelerating the deployment of rural 5G, developing financial products tailored to regional circumstances, and enhancing farmers' digital literacy to promote more balanced urban - rural development.

The multi-dimensional nonlinear inverse problems (MNIPs) are important problems in computational science and engineering, which involve high computation cost and stability problems. This paper suggests a computation framework to increase the efficiency and stability of the solutions to MNIPs. The framework includes high-performance numerical optimization, regularization techniques, and adaptive computation techniques, which lead to more accurate solutions at less computation time. The computation framework is based on several techniques, including likelihood-informed model reduction for reduced effective dimension, an adaptive regularization algorithm, which is regularized based upon residuals of the solution, and hybrid global-local optimization, which only uses inexpensive surrogates in the early optimization iterations. Experimental studies on benchmark MNIP problems show an increased accuracy in the solutions and computational efficiency relative to previous methods, such as the standard Levenberg-Marquardt. In the present framework, solutions were 47% better in mean squared error (MSE), and total computation time was reduced by 45% by requiring 46% fewer iterations for convergence. This combined approach leads to a computation framework for MNIPs that is robust and operationally efficient, giving improved scalability for high-dimensional or real-time applications.

This article re-examines the life and legacy of Tippu Tip (1832–1905) through three interrelated but underexplored dimensions: memory, cultural mediation, and environmental history. Drawing on oral traditions from the Swahili coast and the Congo Basin alongside European records, the study interrogates how Tippu Tip has been remembered across different cultural landscapes. It argues that Tippu Tip functioned not only as a commercial actor but also as a cultural mediator, diffusing Swahili-Islamic practices, reshaping identities, and bridging African, Arab, and European spheres of influence. Furthermore, the article highlights the ecological transformations precipitated by his ivory trade and large caravan networks, revealing the environmental consequences of precolonial globalization. By combining historiography, cultural analysis, and environmental perspectives, the study reframes Tippu Tip as a complex figure whose legacy exceeds the simplistic colonial portrayals of slave trading.

Illegal artisanal gold mining has been around for decades and is practiced by millions of people around the world. In Côte d'Ivoire, it is carried out by poor populations. Gold panning appears to be an effective means of combating poverty and unemployment in Koudougou. The overall objective of this work is to highlight a plan for restoring the site after exploitation by conducting a diagnosis and an assessment of the effects of mining activities with a view to proposing rehabilitation methods. The methodology is based on a field survey approach combining sampling and direct field observation. The results obtained indicate that illegal gold mining activity involves several actors including public administration executives. Although generating income, it negatively affects the health of populations and the bio-physical environments of the environment. There is a need to restore mining sites during or at the end of exploitation. As part of this study, the restoration is carried out at the end of exploitation by the Non-Governmental Organization "Agir pour l’Environnement des industries Extractives" (Acting for the Environment of Extractive Industries) which applied two types of rehabilitation including agriculture and the creation of fish ponds.

Skin rejuvenation is a common procedure in current clinical practice. Various technologies are employed for these therapeutic purposes, with some types of lasers being beneficial due to their safety and low risk of complications. The 1320 nm wavelength is strongly absorbed by water molecules, which produce considerable heating in the skin, contributing to skin rejuvenation. Furthermore, activated charcoal masks can be combined to enhance the desired results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the black peel procedure on skin rejuvenation, which uses an activated charcoal mask capable of absorbing energy and triggering potential tissue changes. A patient was selected who presented tissue characteristics with the presence of fine and deep wrinkles, enlarged pores, and acne scars. For the evaluation, a comparison of photographs taken before and immediately after the procedure was used, and a 3D camera was used to assess wrinkles and enlarged pores. The results demonstrated that the technique improved skin appearance, particularly in terms of wrinkle reduction and a significant reduction in pore size, with just one application. No adverse events were recorded, and the patient reported comfort and satisfaction with the protocol employed. In conclusion, the non-ablative high-power laser technology, using a wavelength of 1320 nm and the black peel protocol, is safe and provides effective results with just one application.

Forebrain (prosencephalon), comprising of telencephalon and diencephalon is the anterior part of the brain followed by midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). Telencephalon, the most anterior part involves olfactory bulbs (responsible for sense of smell), olfactory tract, and telencephalic hemispheres (cerebrum) while diencephalon, located between telencephalon and the midbrain involves habenula and hypothalamaus. In this study the telencephalic and diencephalic regions are histologically analyzed in two teleosts, C.auratus and B. striata. In C.auratus, the lateral zone of the area dorsalis, Dl region is highly developed and is the primary visual area. In B.striata, Dm region is highly developed and is involved in the sense of gustation in feeding. The diencephalic region consists of feeding centers like hypothalamus and habenula. Symmetrical habenula is a special feature of surface dwelling visual feeders like Carassius auratus and asymmetrical one isthe feature of bottom dwelling non visual feeders like Botia striata.Hypothalamus, involved in hunger and satiety functions as the main feeding centre of vertebrates by the production ofvarious types of peptide factors responsible for either initiating or ceasing food consumption.

The present work was undertaken with the aim of evaluating the influence of mineral fertilizers and local varieties on the yield and economic profitability of common bean in order to identify cultivars of the species presenting interesting agronomic potential for fixation and the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen. An experimentation was conducted in Ouèdèmè in the commune of Glazoué (Benin), with tretments including15bean varieties and fertilisation (NPK 14-18-18 and Urea 46% N), applied in a split-plot arrangement. Results showed that production of dry bean seeds depended on the variety and fertiliser used. Variety MSCn3 gave a yield of 2264.925 kg. ha-1with fertilisationused. The unfertilised: 1170.32 Kg. ha-1 versus fertilised plots: 1573.94 Kg.ha-1, a gain of 44%). (unfertilised: 1170.32 Kg .ha-1 versus fertilised plots: 1573.94 kgha-1, a gain of 44%). The analysis of the RVC indicated, however, that the application of fertilisers to common beans was generally less profitable, apart from the local varieties HZZZn3 and GOLn6, whose RVCs were, respectively above 2. At the end of this study, the local cultivars LSCn3, SDCn5 and AOGn1 which gave a small increase in yield in kgha-1 are those which showed a strong increase in leaf biomass. Therefore, subject to further studies, they could be recommended as cultivars predisposed to good fixation and conversion of mineral nitrogen to ammonia.

Background: Maternal mortality continues to be a global public health problem with anaemia as one of its leading causes. There have been a number of interventions and strategies targeted at preventing anaemia in pregnancy and in effect, maternal mortality in Ghana. Despite these efforts, the problem persists. This study investigated the trends in anaemia aggravated maternal mortality in Ghana and examined how these rates varied across different age groups. Objectives: This study aims to assess the trends in maternal mortality attributable to iron deficiency in Ghana and also examine variations in the trend across different age groups. Methods: A linear regression was fitted to the natural log of the maternal mortality attributed to anaemia in the Joint point Regression Program to assess the overall trends in anaemia attributed maternal mortality. Pairwise comparison tests were also performed to ascertain whether the trends in the rate of mortality were identical across different age groups. Results: In general, it was observed that the rate of anaemia aggravated maternal deaths in Ghana declined from 1990 to 2021. Meanwhile, there were observed temporal increase in the rate among women aged 30 and above with those aged below 30 not recording any temporal rise. Conclusion: Considering the variations in trend across different age groups, this study recommends that age-specific targeted interventions be introduced to combat anaemia in pregnancy and improve maternal health outcomes in Ghana.

As China advances the goals of the Healthy China 2030 Plan, concerns about the physical health of college students persist, with national reports showing only modest gains despite extensive monitoring efforts. This study quantitatively examined the physical health status and related behavioral factors of 291 students from Weifang Nursing Vocational College, using a structured questionnaire to collect data on lifestyle habits, exercise frequency, attitudes toward physical fitness testing, and awareness of health policies. Statistical analysis of the responses confirmed noticeable gaps in students’ fitness levels and highlighted patterns that point to limited engagement with existing health promotion measures. Drawing from these results, the study proposes an integrated physical health promotion model that positions the university, the campus hospital, and the students as interconnected partners in improving wellness. The model emphasizes data-driven strategies in health education, curriculum design, physical activity provision, and exercise-prescription interventions, offering a practical framework for strengthening health outcomes in higher education settings.

Still’s disease, including systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) and adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD), is a rare systemic autoinflammatory disorder. It presents with quotidian fever, evanescent salmon-pink rash, arthritis/arthralgia, and systemic manifestations. Case Presentation: We report a 34-year-old woman who presented with prolonged fever, generalised lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, and elevated inflammatory markers. Workup revealed striking hyperferritinemia and elevated cytokines. Bone marrow biopsy showed features suggestive of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Diagnosis was established based on Yamaguchi criteria. The patient responded initially to corticosteroids and was later transitioned to biologic therapy. She achieved sustained remission on upadacitinib mono therapy. Conclusion: This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in AOSD presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) and the role of targeted immune modulator therapy in refractory disease.

Background: Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a zoonotic infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, a gram-negative intracellular bacterium transmitted by the larval stage of trombiculid mites (chiggers). It is endemic in the “tsutsugamushi triangle,” including parts of Southeast Asia and India. The disease usually presents with fever, headache, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly. However, atypical manifestations involving the renal or prostatic systems are rare, and intra-abdominal abscess formation is an uncommon complication. Case Presentation: A 57-year-old male from Udaipur, Rajasthan, presented with high-grade fever for five days, headache, and diffuse abdominal pain for three days. Clinical examination revealed pallor and mild abdominal tenderness without rash or eschar. Laboratory findings showed anemia (Hb 9 g/dl), thrombocytopenia (52,000/µl), and mildly elevated urea (55.6 mg/dl). Scrub typhus IgM ELISA was positive, while dengue and malaria tests were negative. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated a renal abscess (42×29 mm) in the left kidney and multiple prostatic abscesses. Blood and urine cultures were sterile. The patient was treated with intravenous doxycycline (100 mg BD) and azithromycin (500 mg OD) for 10 days, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms and normalization of laboratory parameters. Discussion: Scrub typhus can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Although hepatic and renal dysfunction are common, abscess formation in the kidneys or prostate is exceedingly rare. Abscesses may develop due to localized necrosis or secondary bacterial infection. Early imaging and appropriate antibiotic therapy are crucial for diagnosis and management. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of considering scrub typhus in patients with unexplained febrile illness and intra-abdominal abscesses in endemic regions. Prompt recognition and doxycycline-based therapy can prevent severe complications and improve patient outcomes.

Introduction: Drug Revolving Fund (DRF) is a scheme whereby drugs and medical consumables are sold at an affordable cost (addition of the cost price plus a mark-up) to generate revenue which is used to replenish stocks, The implementation of the DRF scheme ata maximum capacity, promotes accessibility, availability, affordability, and sustainability of quality drugs and medical consumables. However, there has been reports on knowledge and certain factors towards the effectiveness of the DRF scheme. This study was therefore conducted to determine knowledge and factors influencing drug revolving fund scheme among clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methodology: Cross sectional descriptive research design was used for the study. The study population were clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode. A formula was used to calculate the sample size, arriving at 132 respondents. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Experts validated, structured questionnaires, with each divided into five sections were used to collect data. Analysis of the generated data was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed a mean age of 37±1. Findings shows that clients attending selected hospitals at Ijebu-Ode Ogun State have good knowledge 79(59.8%) of the DRF scheme. However, it was discovered that some factors inhibit the utilization of DRF scheme among patients as most of them113 (85.6%) affirmed that there is ineffective system of drug administration and control. Conclusion and Recommendation: Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that despite good knowledge of the DRF scheme, some factors militate against effectiveness of the scheme among patients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study recommended that, the Government should subsidize essential drugs to improve patients’ access and prevent over charge in drug prices and that health workers should ensure regular and adequate procurement of essential drugs in the health facility.

Anemia is a condition where your blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to a reduced ability to carry oxygen to your body's tissues. This can cause symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.The majority of anaemia in India is categorized as mild or moderate with under 3% of women and children being reported as severely anemic. However even mild and moderate anemia if left untreated can lead to serious long term health consequences. Despite several efforts by the Government of India, the national burden of anaemia remains high and its growing prevalence is concerning to India’s public health system. Objectives: Objectives is to Asses the knowledge and perception of anemia among rural elderly at Mysuru Methods: The research design selected for this study was descriptive design. cross sections of the population under Varuna health and wellness center .the total sample size was 60 rural Elderly at Varuna, Mysuru. Result: Result revealed that majority of Rural elderly are have anemia there is association between the knowledge and perception of Anemia with the selected variable such as gender, education and also income. Conclusion: It was concluded that the rural Elderly having high prevalence rate of Anemia and there is statistical significance association between The knowledge and perception with the demographic variable such as gender and education and income.

Les partenariats public-privé (PPP) constituent un levier stratégique du développement territorial et touristique, en réunissant acteurs publics et privés autour de projets communs. Toutefois, la diversité des logiques institutionnelles et la répartition inégale de l’information entre partenaires peuvent engendrer des asymétries d’information, sources de malentendus, de tensions et de déséquilibres communicationnels. Ces fragilités internes risquent de compromettre la cohérence du discours collectif et, par conséquent, de fragiliser l’image de marque touristique du territoire. Cette recherche vise à évaluer dans quelle mesure la communication territoriale parvient à réguler ces déséquilibres informationnels et à favoriser la cohérence des messages diffusés par les acteurs publics et privés. En s’appuyant sur une approche qualitative menée auprès des principaux acteurs de la gouvernance touristique de la région Béni Mellal-Khénifra, elle cherche à comprendre comment la qualité du dialogue partenarial influence la construction et la crédibilité de l’image territoriale. Les résultats permettront d’identifier les nœuds critiques de la communication au sein des PPP et d’envisager des leviers pour renforcer la performance et l’attractivité territoriale.

Associé au pouvoir et à la violence, l’autorité est un concept qui mérite d’être examiné. Pour Arendt (1972, p. 123), elle ne relève ni de la contrainte ni de la persuasion ; elle repose sur une forme de reconnaissance qui s’inscrit dans une continuité historique. Les Temps Modernes sont marqués par un processus de désacralisation des sources traditionnelles de la relation de commandement à obéissance entraînant une crise de ses formes d’exercice. Cette contribution se situe dans le cadre théorique de la philosophie de l’éducation et se propose d’interroger les conditions d’une autorité légitime. Il sera question d’analyser les facteurs ayant conduit à son érosion dans les sociétés modernes pour mieux entrevoir des pistes de solutions. Cette étude en mobilisant la méthode analytique, vise à comprendre les dynamiques qui relient la crise de la prééminence à des phénomènes comme la montée des incivilités, la défiance des institutions. L’objectif est de réfléchir aux modalités de préservation des hiérarchies pour le bon fonctionnement et la cohésion de la collectivité.

The capital market plays a crucial role in stimulating economic growth and development in a country. Its role in maintaining financial stability through trading in the primary and secondary markets earns it a prized position as one of the most effective ways of transforming a country’s economy, boosting investors’ confidence and preserving the integrity of the capital market. Fostering a safe and reliable market requires a sound regulatory and supervisory regime as well as a strong enforcement mechanism capable of maintaining effective dispute resolution. The inherent nature of the market necessitates the ability to effectively and efficiently resolve disputes as they arise, thereby enhancing the market’s effectiveness in fostering economic growth and development. The judiciary plays a key role in the adjudication of capital market disputes. The paper analyses the pertinent issues that arise in the adjudication of capital market disputes, including jurisdictional conflict between the Federal High Court and the Investments and Securities Tribunal, slow and cumbersome judicial processes due to insufficient expertise of judicial officers to decide on intricate capital market cases, and incessant interlocutory applications by litigants, amongst others. The paper asserts that strengthening the judiciary to create a strong and efficient dispute resolution body with clear, unambiguous jurisdictional boundaries, improved capacity-building knowledge, enhanced enforcement tools and the establishment of a sanction regime for unnecessary applications by litigants is essential for a resilient and effective Nigerian capital market.

Purpose and Design: This research develops an empirical accounting and legislative framework for integrated financial, tax, and sustainability disclosure to enhance Egypt’s economic competitiveness, governance, and alignment with global best practices. It is designed as an applied comparative study combining legal, accounting, and institutional perspectives. Method and Approach A mixed-methods approach was employed, including: • Content analysis of Egyptian laws and accounting regulations related to financial, tax, and ESG reporting. • Comparative analysis of successful disclosure frameworks in developed countries, particularly the EU’s CSRD and South Korea’s DART system. • Empirical data collection through surveys and expert interviews with 204 respondents from Egyptian enterprises and regulatory bodies. Findings: The study reveals significant fragmentation and inefficiencies in Egypt’s current financial, tax, and ESG disclosure landscape, leading to legal uncertainty and high compliance costs. Results demonstrate that adopting an integrated accounting and legislative framework, supported by a unified digital platform, can significantly enhance: • Transparency and investor confidence. • Access to sustainable finance. • Alignment with global sustainability standards. A draft legislative proposal is presented, detailing articles, institutional roles, penalties, and phased implementation strategies. Originality and Value: This research represents one of the first comprehensive accounting and legislative frameworks for integrated disclosure in the Egyptian context. It bridges theoretical models with practical regulatory reforms, providing empirical evidence and a legislative blueprint applicable to other emerging economies. Theoretical, Practical, and Social Implications • Theoretically: enriches stakeholder theory, legitimacy theory, and institutional theory within disclosure regulation. • Practically: offers policymakers and accountants a roadmap to modernize Egypt’s disclosure framework. • Socially: promotes trust, transparency, and sustainable development in line with Vision 2030.

This paper explores a comparative study of John Milton and Mirza Ghalib, two poetic giants who, despite belonging to distinct linguistic and cultural traditions, share a common spirit of rebellion and introspection. Through a close reading of Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Deewan-e-Ghalib, this study investigates how both poets question divine authority, confront moral contradictions, and reinterpret religious dogma in light of human experience. While Milton’s Puritan worldview seeks to justify divine justice through reason and scripture, Ghalib’s Urdu poetry expresses an existential skepticism toward the same cosmic order. The analysis reveals how both poets transform theological discourse into a humanistic quest for freedom, positioning poetry as a dialogue between the finite and the infinite. The topic Comparative Literature in itself offers a broader range of research to a student who is willing to dig deep the intertextuality of literature. The comparisons more often lead to a new dimension of thought, explore hidden meaning and most importantly flourish the life in a text. As in the words of Julia Kristeva, “Any text is the absorption and transformation of another.” So, we can say literature is a process of dialogues and counter dialogue or a continuous reply of reply to the text. The stalwart of English literature of the Puritan age, John Milton (1608-1674), famously known for his masterpiece, ‘Paradise Lost’ and the Urdu literature poet Mirza Ghalib (1794-1869), both share the same kind of magnitude. When we study both the poets the grandeur, the diction, the style, the tone these poets have some magnificent impact on readers. In spite of having linguistic differences, cultural differences, religious differences their ideas are equivocally radical, phenomenal. It is not just an overnight conclusion but over the passing decades people looked upon their works and found it still majestic and stately. In the age of globalization when we study these writers closely we realize that humanity has just one race and that is humanity itself. We cannot make an analogy between the writers that how they appear same but on some context they almost react the same towards the society. In the case of John Milton when Europe was loaded with Puritan thoughts he dare to project the religious mythology in his own way, though we cannot fully understand the intention of the writer what he means by his text, the collective response was to him was a little different as William Blake argued that “he was of the Devil’s Party without knowing it. The radical views of John Milton is very much similar to Mirza Ghalib. Milton and Ghalib both belong to the same school of thought who ponder over the development of mankind. They both carry the responsibility of more a moral teacher. We can perceive the same pinch in Ghalib’s poetry, as he says, Humko Maloom hai Jannat ki Haqeeqat lekin Dil ke Khush Rakhne ko Ghalib yeh Khayal Achha hai… How Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib satirizes over the concept of heaven and even indirectly makes fun of it. The spirit of questioning over the Lordly sayings is as bitter as we find in Milton’s.

Work Stress is a challenge for banking industry as it can negatively affect job performance of employees. Work Stress may impair their ability to concentrate, make decisions, and handle complex tasks employees experience high levels of stress. This can lead to a decline in their productivity and job performance. When employees feel burned out, they may be more likely to take sick leave or seek employment elsewhere, impacting the continuity and stability of the workforce. High levels of work stress can contribute to increased absenteeism and higher turnover rates among employees. Banks rely heavily on providing quality customer service. The results of correlations and regression analysis revealed that there is negative correlations between work stress and job performance of the employees. Work stress is higher in private banks than in government banks. There was negative impact of work stress on job performance. If employees are stressed, they may become less patient, less empathetic, and less willing to go the extra mile to assist customers. This can have a negative impact on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is important to minimise the impact of work stress on the job performance of employees through proper training and development and maintaing the conducive working environment in public and private sector banks.

Digital platforms have emerged as powerful tools for governance. Mizoram, situated in the Northeastern region of India bordering Myanmar and Bangladesh comprise of strong oral traditions and community-based political practices, this transition marks a significant paradigm shift in how political discourse is constructed, framed and disseminated. This study explores the evolving nature of political communication through a focused content analysis of social media handles managed by the state government. The research investigates how state agencies, particularly the Information, Public Relations, Printing and Stationery Department and the Chief Minister’s official social media accounts, employ social media platforms to shape public opinion, promote policy narratives and engage citizens. Using qualitative content analysis approach, the study categorises based on tone, message type, visual symbolism and thematic framing across key governance areas such as development, identity politics, crisis response and cultural representation. Grounded in the theories of Habermas’s public sphere theory and platformisation theory, the study critically examines how digital communication alters traditional participatory structures. The shift from grassroots oral discourse to centralized, curated messaging that often blends bureaucratic efficiency with cultural symbolism tailored to resonate with Mizo identity. While this has improved accessibility and visibility of political content, the study also uncovers gaps particularly in inclusivity, digital literacy and the marginalization of rural voices in the digital public sphere. Citizen’s response patterns reflected to comments, shares and discourse tone on social media reveal evolving expectations around transparency, accountability and representation. The study recommends a culturally contextualized and inclusive digital strategy for political communication in Mizoram. By aligning technological advancement with local traditions, linguistic diversity and community norms with government agencies can be more effectively engage with the public to foster trust and strengthen democratic participation. The study contributes to the broader understanding of how regional governments in culturally complex societies can adapt digital tools for democratic renewal without compromising traditional values.